Temple Grandin: en busca de un abrazo.
¿Es posible disfrutar de un abrazo, si se tiene aversión al contacto humano? ¿Puede una autista ser consultora de McDonald´s
HBO Latin America estrenó el 24 de julio del 2010, su nueva, original y exclusiva película: “Temple Grandin”, nominada a 15 premios Primetime Emmy®. La producción es protagonizada por Claire Danes, ganadora del Globo de Oro y nominada al Emmy por su excelente actuación en la película. Basada en la vida real de la norteamericana Temple Grandin, cuenta la historia de una joven autista que consiguió vencer los prejuicios, los tabúes, y las propias limitaciones de la ciencia, para hacer realidad sus sueños y convertirse en una reconocida personalidad científica, catedrática de excepción, y escritora de notoriedad. Paradójicamente, lo que Temple no pudo lograr a través del contacto con sus semejantes, lo logró a través de la investigación y comprensión del comportamiento de los animales. Lo cual le valió llegar a ser, hoy en día, consultora de McDonald´s. Todo ello mediante una fuerza de voluntad inquebrantable y la ayuda de sus mentores: su madre, su tía y su profesor de ciencias.
Temple Grandin es, quizá, la autista más famosa del mundo por sus contribuciones a la humanidad. Contribuciones que han servido por igual a dos mundos tan distintos como el complejo y carenciado de los autistas por un lado, y al poderoso sector de la industria ganadera por el otro. Y es que Temple piensa, siente y experimenta el mundo de una forma que es incomprensible para la mayoría de los seres humanos. Aún así, logró doctorarse en Ciencia Animal; es profesora en la Colorado State University, lleva su propio negocio de consultoría, escribe libros, y dicta conferencias alrededor del mundo. ¡Nada mal para quienes ayer veían en el autismo una rémora del retraso mental! Constituye un ejemplo desmontando paradigmas y demostrando que, a veces, el autismo es una incapacidad que puede superarse si se reciben las ayudas adecuadas en la infancia.
Temple nació en 1947, una época en la que se sabía muy poco del autismo, y aunque su nacimiento fue normal, a los seis meses su madre comenzó a notar que rechazaba los abrazos. No mucho tiempo más tarde, se hizo evidente que la pequeña Temple no soportaba que la tocaran. Su Sistema Nervioso era tan sensible que se sobreestimulaba no sólo al sentir la cercanía de alguien, sino al oír cualquier sonido. Al sonido de un teléfono o de un coche, reaccionaba con fuertes berrinches o golpeando cuanto estaba a su alcance. «Cuando era niña, los sonidos fuertes como la campana de la escuela herían mis oídos como el taladro de un dentista pegándole a un nervio», cuenta Temple.
Claire Danes como Temple Grandin.
A los tres años, los médicos dijeron que tenía daño cerebral, y a partir de entonces Temple experimentó la soledad, el aislamiento y las burlas de sus compañeros de colegio. A los 16 años, su madre consintió –a sugerencia de su hermana - en que fuese a pasar unos días a la hacienda de cría de ganado que ella y su esposo tenían en Arizona. Allí, no sólo cambiaría su vida, sino que además daría a luz a una de las contribuciones más exitosas para la poderosa industria ganadera del mundo entero. Experimentando una fuerte empatía hacia aquellos animales, Temple se fijó, tanto en sus desplazamientos, como en una instalación -llamada comúnmente entre nosotros tubo o brete -utilizada para inmovilizar al ganado y facilitar la tarea del veterinario al vacunarlo. Consistía en dos placas metálicas que comprimían a la res por ambos lados y cuya suave presión, además de inmovilizarlos, parecía relajarlos.
A partir de este simple elemento, Temple visualizó entonces una solución semejante para ella: una “máquina de dar abrazos”. Pensó que aquel aparato que tranquilizaba a los animales, podría proporcionarle el estímulo táctil que tanto necesitaba pero que no podía obtener al no soportar el contacto físico humano. Luego de aquellos enriquecedores días pasados en la hacienda, entró en una escuela especial para niños dotados con problemas emocionales y sus profesores la animaron a que construyera la máquina. Por esa época, ya la habían diagnosticado con autismo y se sabía que Temple poseía una especial memoria fotográfica. Aprendió ingeniería mecánica y matemáticas, y salió adelante con su proyecto. La máquina permitiría a la persona que la usara controlar la duración y la intensidad del "abrazo" mecánico. Centrada en esta idea, Temple realizó experimentos que la motivaron para lograr obtener un diploma en Ciencia Animal en la Universidad de Illinois, y convertirse además, en parte de su propia terapia. La ayudaba a relajarse y le sirvió para empezar a sentir cierta empatía hacia los demás. Hoy hay clínicas para tratamiento de niños autistas que utilizan la máquina inventada por Temple.
La verdadera Temple junto a Claire Danes.
Temple Grandin tiene ahora 63 años y es una líder tanto en bienestar animal como entre la comunidad autista. Su empatía con los animales, en especial las vacas, ha hecho que cerca del 50% de la multimillonaria industria ganadera de Estados Unidos confíe en ella para rediseñar las instalaciones del manejo del ganado, tanto en las haciendas como en los mataderos. Temple dice que sabe cómo se sienten esos animales antes de morir, cómo reaccionan y lo que les produce miedo. Por eso se dedica a “humanizar” el último momento de sus vidas, logrando además una mayor productividad para la cadena de producción.
Temple Grandin tiene ahora 63 años y es una líder tanto en bienestar animal como entre la comunidad autista. Su empatía con los animales, en especial las vacas, ha hecho que cerca del 50% de la multimillonaria industria ganadera de Estados Unidos confíe en ella para rediseñar las instalaciones del manejo del ganado, tanto en las haciendas como en los mataderos. Temple dice que sabe cómo se sienten esos animales antes de morir, cómo reaccionan y lo que les produce miedo. Por eso se dedica a “humanizar” el último momento de sus vidas, logrando además una mayor productividad para la cadena de producción.
Después de los duros días de trabajo inspeccionado el funcionamiento de los mataderos, o a la vuelta de sus múltiples viajes o conferencias, Temple se retira a su casa, en Fort Collins, Colorado, y va directa a su máquina de dar abrazos. «Después de usar la máquina, tengo sueños más agradables», dijo en una entrevista para La American Radio Works, «Tengo esa bonita sensación de que te están abrazando». Grandin sigue en la actualidad rechazando que la toquen. «Daría un salto», dice. «Sería como tocar a un animal salvaje. Ya sabes, cuando tocas a un animal salvaje, haces que salte. Si alguien me tocara, me apartaría. Mi sistema nervioso reacciona cuando tengo miedo de la misma forma en la que lo hace el sistema nervioso de las vacas o de los caballos que sienten miedo».
En el año 2000, Temple Grandin estuvo en Buenos Aires. En una entrevista publicada en Informe Ganadero (Buenos Aires, Argentina, 22/9/00) Temple reveló los alcances de su enriquecedora experiencia: “Dicto mi curso sobre manejo de animales, dirijo distintos proyectos de investigación y además presto asesoramiento sobre el tema. Vuelo 160.000 km al año, la mayor parte en viajes de consultoría. Comencé diseñando corrales e instalaciones, que ya son un clásico, al punto que un tercio de los corrales de mi país se han hecho con diseños míos. Luego, me especialicé en manejo de los animales en feedlots y plantas de faena. En la actualidad, estoy asesorando a McDonald’s en temas de bienestar animal. Esta empresa se ha fijado como meta constituir el benchmark o patrón global en esta materia, y ha impuesto a sus proveedores de materias primas de origen animal -carne, huevos- estándares rigurosos para erradicar el maltrato. Hasta ahora, he trabajado en EE.UU., Canadá, Australia y Nueva Zelanda, donde la empresa solamente compra carne (o huevos) de proveedores que tengan, aparte del HACCP, un nivel de manejo que cumpla con los estándares de buen trato que les he sugerido. Ellos quieren mantenerse en la vanguardia del mercado, y por eso han fijado la norma de las best practices (prácticas óptimas). Si hay una forma mejor de hacer las cosas, ellos quieren ser los primeros en adoptarla, y han hecho suya la idea del buen trato a los animales”.
En otro momento de sus declaraciones, aclara: “Otra meta que me fijo es no proponer cosas antieconómicas: las mejoras deben adaptarse a la forma en que las empresas trabajan hoy en día, sin imponer revoluciones ni grandes costos. Los animales aprenden. Sobre todo, aprenden a soportar el trato con seres humanos. Si éste es bueno, los animales se amansan; si se los maltrata sistemáticamente, se ponen malignos. Mis investigaciones han comprobado la relación entre temperamento y velocidad de engorde. Un animal de buen temperamento engorda más que uno de mal temperamento. Esto mejora con el buen manejo animal, pero hay una base genética que no se puede cambiar, salvo por la selección a largo plazo. En el fondo, trabajar bien no cuesta más que hacerlo mal”. (Curiosamente, algo similar aseguraba Edwards Deming explicando los fundamentos de su método de la Calidad Total..)
Nota: Durante un buen tiempo se asoció al retraso mental como una de las características de las personas autistas. Sin embargo, se sabe que los niños superdotados tienen características que se asemejan a las del autismo, tales como la introversión y la propensión a las alergias..También se especula con que figuras históricas como Albert Einstein e Isaac Newton, al igual que otras contemporáneas como Bill Gates, posiblemente tengan síndrome de Asperger. Y algunos autistas, como el Premio Nobel de Economía (2002) Vernon Smith, afirma que el autismo es una "ventaja selectiva", ya que le proporciona la habilidad para hiperconcentrarse..Observaciones de esta naturaleza son las que han llevado a la exitosa Temple Grandin, entre otros, a especular con que ser genio en sí "puede ser una anormalidad".
Recomiendo especialmente esta película de HBO Latin América. Algunas conferencias de Temple Grandín pueden ser ubicadas en videos de You Tube. Además, es autora de libros como Thinking in Pictures e Interpretar a los animales.
Argenta
Septiembre, 2010
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